DAWN OF ELECTRONICS
After the discovery of the theory of atoms and nuclear forces in an atom. Scientists all over the world were experimenting and testing new theories about atoms and studying its basic structure. During that time World war II started which compelled scientists and researchers to work on upgradation and improvement of Radar technology. Radar used Electromagnetic waves (EMV) which was very much helpful which was used to detect enemy bombers. As more and more radars were used for combat, it was realized that “Valves” were not reliable. Hence there was a need for another material to produce Radars.
Bell Labs in the USA conducted research and started producing instruments with silicon. They exploited silicon as Semiconductor. Slowly, valves were replaced by silicon semiconductor in radios. amplifiers and radars. After World War II, German scientist Heinrich Walker and Herbert Matare together build the first working model of amplifiers to work on semiconductor, which was called Signal Amplifiers. On further research, in 1947, Bell Labs invented a new type of signal amplifier which they called Transistor. This bell lab electronic amplifier was more reliable than the European model. Bell Labs became the center for research for the semiconductor. Many renowned innovators like Robert Ohl, William Shockley, Gordan Teal had worked for Bell labs which later made it won Nobel Prize on Semiconductor Crystals. In 1955, William Shockley left Bell Labs and set up his own lab in Rural California, USA. Inspired by him, many professionals quit their job to start their own company making it what we call today’s Silicon Valley.
The major drawback of these electronic circuits was a heating problem. Each microchip used in Computers or any other electronic device needs to be cooled down quickly because flowing of electronics inside these semiconductors created friction and heat among atoms which produces a large amount of heat. This heat was analogous to an electrical parameter in any circuit called Resistance. Many experiments were conducted to reduce this resistance of circuits. It was later concluded that with low surrounding temperature, the resistance of a conductor reduces sharply. The cryostat was a device which was able to keep things close to Absolute Zero i.e. -273 Degree Celsius. Thus the concept of Super Conductor was born. It was found that Mercury has a property of becoming Superconductor with no resistance (Zero Resistance) at -273 Degree Celsius. In 1986, IBM in Zurich, Switzerland was able to produce a working and practical Superconductor, which also gives it extraordinary Magnetic Properties. The latest ongoing research on Electricity is on Superconductors.
At last we can definitely say that Electricity has changed our world. Only a few hundred years ago, it was seen as a mysterious and magical wonder. Then, it leapt out of labs with a series of strange and wonderful experiments. Eventually being captured and put to use. It revolutionized communication, first through cables, the through waves. Electricity has far reaching fields and our life depend on it. We cannot imagine our life without it. Therefore, use it wisely.
After the discovery of the theory of atoms and nuclear forces in an atom. Scientists all over the world were experimenting and testing new theories about atoms and studying its basic structure. During that time World war II started which compelled scientists and researchers to work on upgradation and improvement of Radar technology. Radar used Electromagnetic waves (EMV) which was very much helpful which was used to detect enemy bombers. As more and more radars were used for combat, it was realized that “Valves” were not reliable. Hence there was a need for another material to produce Radars.
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| Values Image Source:wikimedia.org |
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| Radar Image Source:smdc.army via .wikimedia.org |
Bell Labs in the USA conducted research and started producing instruments with silicon. They exploited silicon as Semiconductor. Slowly, valves were replaced by silicon semiconductor in radios. amplifiers and radars. After World War II, German scientist Heinrich Walker and Herbert Matare together build the first working model of amplifiers to work on semiconductor, which was called Signal Amplifiers. On further research, in 1947, Bell Labs invented a new type of signal amplifier which they called Transistor. This bell lab electronic amplifier was more reliable than the European model. Bell Labs became the center for research for the semiconductor. Many renowned innovators like Robert Ohl, William Shockley, Gordan Teal had worked for Bell labs which later made it won Nobel Prize on Semiconductor Crystals. In 1955, William Shockley left Bell Labs and set up his own lab in Rural California, USA. Inspired by him, many professionals quit their job to start their own company making it what we call today’s Silicon Valley.
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| Russel Ohl Image Source:ethw.org |
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| Gordan Teal Image Source: ethw.org |
 |
| William Shockley Image Source: Stanford University via wikimedia.org |
At last we can definitely say that Electricity has changed our world. Only a few hundred years ago, it was seen as a mysterious and magical wonder. Then, it leapt out of labs with a series of strange and wonderful experiments. Eventually being captured and put to use. It revolutionized communication, first through cables, the through waves. Electricity has far reaching fields and our life depend on it. We cannot imagine our life without it. Therefore, use it wisely.
 |
| Image source: Riccardo Annandale via unsplash |
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